For Disability Awareness Month I’ve put together a list of five
influential people of the disability rights movement in the United States. This
is just a short list of some people who have made a tremendous impact on how
people with disabilities are able to live today.
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| Hellen Keller |
1.
Hellen Keller – Born in 1880, Helen was struck by a
mysterious illness called “brain fever” by a family physician at 18 months and
became deaf, blind and mute. At the age of 7, her parents found a young teacher
who would teach Helen how to communicate and they would become life-long
friends. Helen graduated from Cambridge School for Young Ladies and went on to
become a well-known speaker doing lectures and working on behalf of people with
disabilities. She testified before Congress, advocating for an improvement in
the welfare of the blind. She co-founded Helen Keller International to combat
the causes and consequences of blindness and malnutrition. In 1920, she helped
found the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). Helen tackled many social
issues including women’s suffrage, pacifism and birth control. She traveled to
35 countries on five continents, including a five month trip across Asia at the
age of 75 in order to improve the lives of people with disabilities. She died
in her sleep in 1968, just a few weeks before her 88
th birthday.
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| Gini Laurie |
2. Virginia “Gini” Grace Wilson Laurie – She is considered
one of the “grandmothers” of the independent living movement. A year before her
birth in 1913, two of her sisters died from poliomyelitis and her brother was
left severely disabled. As an adult, she volunteered with the Red Cross in the
Cleveland Toomey Pavilion rehab center during the 1949 polio epidemic. In 1958,
she took the unpaid job of editor of the Toomeyville
Gazette, a newsletter put together by patients who recovered at the rehab
center after contracting polio. The Gazette
published articles on legislation, activism and what would become known as the
independent living movement. In 1970, Gini wrote an article in the newly-named Rehabilitation Gazette where she stated
plainly that for people with disabilities, the most important thing “is the
right to freedom of choice to live as normal a life as possible within the
community…Segregation is unnormal.” In 1977, she wrote Housing and Home Services for the Disabled: Guidelines and Experiences
in Independent Living”. It pointed to the fact that it is more
cost-effective for people with disabilities to live in their community than
being put into institutions or nursing homes, an important point still being
driven in the disability movement today. She died in 1989 of cancer.
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| Ed Roberts |
3. Ed Roberts – After contracting polio at age 14 and living
in the hospital for two years, Ed was finally able to move back home. But
things were very different. Because of the polio, he was only able to move two
fingers and slept in an iron lung. His struggle against discrimination began
immediately when school administrators did not allow him to attend school with
his classmates. They felt it was best to have teachers instruct him privately
at home. The family fought back and they won him the right to attend school
with his classmates. After graduating from a junior college, he had to go
through another battle in order to be allowed to attend the University of
California in Berkeley. He eventually won this fight as well and went on to
study Political Science. Because of Ed, more disabled students were allowed to
attend Berkeley and they eventually formed a disabled student organization on
campus. Their focus was to make the university more accessible and provide
trainings on daily support techniques. In 1972, Ed helped the group form the
first Center for Independent Living which was considered radical at the time
because it was run by people with disabilities rather than medical
professionals. He became the first person to serve as the Director of
California’s Office of Vocational Rehabilitation. In 1981, he and Judy Heumann
and Joan Leon started the World Institute on Disability (WID) which studies
legal rights issues for people with disabilities around the world. Often
referred to as “the father of the disability rights movement”, he was president
of WID until his death in 1995.
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| Justin Dart |
4. Justin Dart – At the age of 18, Justin contracted polio
which left him unable to walk. He came from a wealthy family in Chicago and in
1967 he and his wife devoted their lives to helping people with disabilities.
On his own dime, they travelled the across the United States in the early
1980’s which was quite an undertaking because many places were not wheelchair
accessible. Universal design was just beginning to be implemented in larger
cities but in smaller ones, it was practically unheard of. What was learned through conversations during
this tour was the basis for a policy that called for national rights for people
with disabilities. It would eventually become the Americans with Disabilities
Act (ADA) of 1990. Because of the national dialogue that took place during this
time and the subsequent passing of the ADA, Justin Dart is considered to be
“the godfather” of the ADA. In 1995, he founded the American Association of
People with Disabilities (AAPD) along with others. At the age of 71, he died in
2002 from congestive heart failure related to complications of post-polio
syndrome.
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| Wade Blank |
5. Wade Blank – emulating the great Dr. King, Wade began a
movement in the 1970’s within the disability community in Denver, Colorado that
would give rise to ADAPT, a national grass-roots community that organizes
disability rights activists to engage in nonviolent direct action. A former
minister, he saw the sad living conditions of individuals with severe
disabilities in nursing homes and took it upon himself to make changes. He not
only moved people from institutions into independent living centers but these
very same people became co-protestors in his fight against the discrimination
built into the public transportation system. They waged the first sit-in of
their kind and surrounded a bus with their wheelchairs in Denver. The group
quickly expanded to other cities around the US, holding demonstrations fighting
for accessibility in public bus systems. His group’s national recognition paid
off as accessible public transportation was included in The Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA), a landmark law passed in 1990. He continued to be a
leader in the civil rights movement of people with disabilities until his death
in 1993.
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Without these role models and others like them, people with
disabilities would not have the right
to a free and public education, public transportation and barrier-free public
places, among other civil rights. Although there is still much work to be done,
it is uncontestable that the foundation laid down by these pioneers sparked a
movement that is still growing today.
Can you think of any others who have made a major impact on the lives of people with disabilities?
